I think this is an amazing Old Testament verse, in the fact that it mentions both God the father and Jesus the son, who is called the Holy One of Israel. It is also a prophecy that was literally fulfilled in the last years before 1948. At the height of its glory in the 7th and 6th centuries B.C.E., the ancient city of Babylon was the largest and wealthiest in the world. Among Neighboring Nations(1) Egypt(2) Assyria and Babylonia(3) Phoenicia3. Elat, M. (1982). The largest hoard was found at Eshtemo'a, present-day as-Samu, and contained 26kg of silver. On another occasion, when the crowds were still greater, He went into a boat and sat "in the sea" with the multitude on the sloping beach before Him (Mark 4:1 Luke 5:3). Under the ruthless and ambitious King Nebuchadnezzar II, the sprawling settlement in modern-day Iraq grew into a major city as large as Chicago, and boasted towering temples, ornately tiled palaces and imposing city walls thick enough for two chariots to pass . Javan as one of the grandsons of Noah born after the flood. Others say Tarshish was on the Iberian Peninsula, like the Southern Coast of Spain. [4][10], The editors of the New Oxford Annotated Bible, first published in 1962, suggest that Tarshish is either Sardinia or Tartessos. Daniel 8:21. Tarshish was a nation that was rich in minerals and supplied the known world in the 6th century BC through the markets at the coastal city of Tyre. The Greeks refer to the Cassiterides, or tin islands, and describe them as being situated somewhere near the west coast of Europe. The Greeks excelled with colonies in the Black Sea, Asia Minor and around the Mediterranean. I knew that you are a gracious and compassionate God, slow to anger and abounding in love, a God who relents from sending calamity" ( Jonah 4:2 ). [20], The context in Isaiah23:6 and 66:19 seems to indicate that it is an island, and from Israel it could be reached by ship, as attempted by Jonah (Jonah1:3) and performed by Solomon's fleet (2Chronicles9:21). In the 19th century there were 400 mines in Cornwall employing 18,000 people. The Jewish-Portuguese scholar, politician, statesman and financier Isaac Abarbanel (1437-1508 A.D.) described Tarshish as "the city known in earlier times as Carthage and today called Tunis." One possible identification for many centuries preceding the French scholar Bochart (d. With such uncertainty surroundingTartessus it would be dangerous toassert that Spain was the Tarshishof Scripture which was a maritimepower in the days of Solomon and which was the source of minerals for the great tradingcity of Tyre when Ezekielwrote in the 6th century BC. Dedan; Idumeans, or the most easterly parts of Arabia Deserta: by these are noted the eastern nations that assisted, say some. When God commanded Jonah to go preach to Nineveh (500 miles NE of Israel), he headed to Tarshish, which was as far in the other direction as he could go (see Jonah 1:1-3). 10:9; Ezek. Jeremiah 10:9 There is silver beaten into plates, which is brought from Tarshish, and gold from Uphaz, the work of the artificer and of the hands of the goldsmith; blue and purple for their clothing; they are all the work of skillful men. Tarshish is also the name of a modern village in the Mount Lebanon District of Lebanon . Thompson and Skaggs[10] argue that the Akkadian inscriptions of Esarhaddon (AsBbE) indicate that Tarshish was an island (not a coastland) far to the west of the Levant. It is also interesting to note that one of Javan's sons Tarshish has become what is today modern day Spain. Tarshish: Either the UK or Spain, 4. Which country is Tarshish today? We should note that Cassiterite is tin dioxide from which tin is extracted. . 2nd. Genesis 10:4 1 Chronicles 1:7. Again, cedar trees were brought from Lebanon by sea to Joppa, and thence conveyed to Jerusalem (Ezra 3:7).From Joppa Jonah fled to avoid compliance with God's command to go to Nineveh and preach repentance there (Jonah 1:1). ", Tarshish is placed on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea by several biblical passages,[18] and more precisely: west of Israel. In this version of the tale, the queen has a name: Makeda. The USA, Western Europe (Tarshish) and Saudi Arabia (Sheba and Dedan) are allied today, just as portrayed in . commonassociation of the metal withthe western Mediterranean. Howl, you ships of Tarshish! If Spain were Tarshish then one would expect that she and her colonies would be a major maritime and military power in the last days along with her young lions in South America but the opposite is the case. Both Britain and Spain have had many colonies and have been great maritime powers but the British navy defeated the Spanish Armadas and Spain isno longer a great maritime powerwhereas the US began with British colonies and has seven navies that rule the worlds sea lanes. Contrary to translations that have been rendering Assyrian tar-si-si as 'Tarsus' up to the present time, Thompson argues that the Assyrian tablets inscribed in Akkadian indicate tar-si-si (Tarshish) was a large island in the western Mediterranean, and that the poetic construction of Psalm72:10 also shows that it was a large island to the very distant west of Phoenicia. AUSTRALIA, There is no doubt Cornwall was the source of tin from the earliest times and that, It is possible that copper was mined in Spain but tin from Britain was mixed with it to make bronze. On shipping and navigation in classical antiquity Smith of Jordanhill, Voyage and Shipwreck of Paul, is still the standard authority.T. They have made all thy ship boards of fir trees of Senir: they have taken cedars from Lebanon to make masts for thee. There are more than twenty references in the Old Testament to Tarshish (pronounced as: Tar-ish), but where in the world was the land of Tarshish? [Eds. For it is laid waste, so that there is no house, no entering in. Sheba, Dedan, and the merchants of Tarshish, with the young lions of Tarshish, ask Gog why it is invading Israel. The queen is first mentioned in I Kings 10:1-13 and in II Chronicles 9:1-12 in the Bible, then in the later Aramaic Targum Sheni, then the Quran, and finally the Ethiopian work known as the Kebra Negast; later . It is not to be supposed that the author of these passages in the Chronicles contemplated a voyage to Tarshish in the south of Spain by going round what has since been called the Cape of Good Hope. In this feature, unless otherwise indicated, we use the term "Tarshish" as synonymous with Tartessos in Spain. In this case, however, the ships are not war ships, but more probably merchant ships, or ships for pleasure, sailing in the Euphrates. I suspect based on the Apostle Paul wanting to make it to the utter most part to spread the Gospel, it's Spain. Wail, you inhabitants of the coast! ( 1Kings 10:22 ) The gold might possibly have been obtained form Africa, or from Ophir in Arabia, and the ivory and the apes might likewise have been imported from Africa; but the peacocks point conclusively, not to Africa, but to India. If it's Spain, the young lions would have to be Mexico, parts of South America, etc. In the Acts of the Apostles:It is Paul's voyages which yield us the knowledge that we possess from Biblical sources of ships in New Testament times. Tarshish was thy merchant by reason of the multitude of all kind of riches; with silver, iron, tin, and lead, they traded in thy fairs (Ezekiel 27:12). 5 By these were the isles of the Gentiles divided in their lands; every . (2003). The masts and yards were made of fir, or of pine, and the sails of linen, but the fiber of papyrus was employed as well as flax in the manufacture of sail-cloth. The city was an ancient Phoenician port and industrial center which, in myth, is known as . More than once Jesus made special use of a boat. This is shown by the nature of the imports with which the fleet returned, which are specified as "gold, silver, ivory, apes, and peacocks ." Ezekiel's description (chapter 27, with Davidson's notes) brings together more of the features of the ship of antiquity than any other that has come down to us. Its one of those words that we often skip over because it seems insignificant or hard to pronounce. Pharaoh-necoh built up a powerful navy to serve him both in commerce and in war.SeePHARAOH-NECOH.Of explicit references to Egyptian ships in the Old Testament there are but few. This is still reputed to be the "Merchants of Tarshish" today by some Christian sects. The Jews like the Egyptians and the Assyrians had a natural shrinking from the sea, and Ecclesiasticus interprets their feeling when he says: "They that sail on the sea tell of the danger thereof; and when we hear it with our ears, we marvel" (43:24).III. The coast line of the land of Israel from Carmel southward had no bays and no estuaries or river-mouths to offer shelter from storm or to be havens of ships. He wrote: Now these are thefarthest regions ofthe world in Asiaand Libya. The cargo (phortion, Acts 27:10, the King James Version and the Revised Version (British and American) "lading") in this case was wheat (Acts 27:38), but another word is used, gomos, by Luke of a ship's load of varied wares (Acts 21:3; compare Revelation 18:11).Of those engaged in handling the ship we find (Acts 27:11) the master (kubernetes), the owner (naukleros, although this expression seems not quite consistent with the ownership of a grain ship of the imperial service, and Ramsay's distinction between the words, making the former "sailing-master" and the latter "captain," may be better), the sailors (Acts 27:30, who treacherously sought to lower the ship's boat on the pretense of laying out anchors from the "foreship" or prow, and to get away from the doomed vessel).Of operations belonging to the navigation of the vessel in the storm there were(1) the taking on board of the ship's boat and securing it with ropes (Acts 27:16, in which operation Luke seems to have taken part; compare Acts 27:32),(2) the undergirding of the ship (Acts 27:17, using helps, that is taking measures of relief and adopting the expedient, only resorted to in extremities, of passing cables under the keel of the ship to keep the hull together and to preserve the timbers from starting),(3) the lowering of the gear (Acts 27:17, reducing sail, taking down the mainsail and the main yard),(4) throwing freight overboard and later casting out the tackling of the ship (Acts 27:19),(5) taking soundings (Acts 27:28),(6) letting go four anchors from the stern (Acts 27:29, stern-anchoring being very unusual, but a necessity in the circumstances),(7) further lightening the ship by throwing the wheat into the sea (Acts 27:38),(8) cutting the anchor cables, unlashing the rudders, hoisting up the foresail to the wind, and holding straight for the beach (Acts 27:40).Of the parts of the ship's equipment there are mentioned "the sounding lead" (bolis, though it is the verb which is here used), "the anchors" (agkurai, of which every ship carried several, and which at successive periods have been made of stone, iron, lead and perhaps other metals, each having two flukes and being held by a cable or a chain), "the rudders" (pedalia, of which every ship had two for steering, which in this case had been lifted out of the water and secured by "bands" to the side of the ship and unlashed when the critical moment came), "the foresail" artemon, not the mainsail, but the small sail at the bow of the vessel which at the right moment was hoisted to the wind to run her ashore), and "the boat" (skaphe, which had been in tow in the wake of the vessel, according to custom still prevalent in those seas-coasting-vessels being sometimes becalmed, when the crew get into the small boat and take the ship in tow, using the oars to get her round a promontory or into a position more favorable for the wind). "[4] One possible identification for many centuries preceding the French scholar Bochart (d.1667), and following the Roman historian Flavius Josephus (d.100AD), had been with inland town of Tarsus in Cilicia (south-central Turkey). ), "seems not to have been used in ancient navigation; its purpose was served by the sail, as for example at the battle of Actium the ship of Antony was distinguished by its purple sail. It is the association of Sheba and Dedan with "the merchants of Tarshish, with all the young lions" (Ezek 38:13) which helps to define these powers. Augustus Henry Keane (18331912) believed that Tarshish was Sofala, and that the Biblical land of Havilah was centered on the nearby Great Zimbabwe. Its importance stems in part from the fact that Hebrew biblical passages tend to understand Tarshish as a source of King Solomon's great wealth in metals especially silver, but also gold, tin, and iron (Ezekiel27). Isaiah 2:16 For all the ships of Tarshish, and for all pleasant imagery. Among the Hebrews(1) In Early Times(2) During the Monarchy(3) In Later Times2. As with all these names, Tarshish denotes a country; in several instances, indeed, it is mentioned as a maritime country lying in the remotest region of the earth. This seemingly rules out Spain as Tarshish and the Latin American countries as the young lions. In this case, knowing the location of Tarshish unveils little known prophecies in Psalms and Isaiah that were not fulfilled until the twentieth century.If you look up Tarshish in different biblical commentaries, you will get different answers about its location. 3, iv. Ezekiel also, foretelling the overthrow of Egypt, speaks of messengers traveling with the news on swift Nile boats to strike terror into the hearts of the "careless Ethiopians" (30:9). It may be a reminiscence of the sea when Paul in the very earliest of his Epistles (1 Thessalonians 4:16), speaking of the coming of the Lord, says "The Lord himself shall descend from heaven, with a shout" en keleusmati), where the picture is that of the keleustes, giving the time to the rowers on board a ship. Oil is transacted in US dollars. It took three whole years to make the trip, and the merchant ships came, bringing gold, silver, ivory, apes, and monkeys (2 Chronicles 9:21 NKJV). Spain colonized South America but Britain colonized the US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and many more places. The Spanish Empire was a dominant world influence between the late 15th century and the early 19th century. It was originally known as Ninua, a great trade centre. The developments in Turkey bear careful watch as its leader seeks to establish a more radical Sunni state and support actions to impede the Shiite ambitions of Iran. Nevertheless, different sources have referred to it as a city, a mountain, even a river the Guadalquivir. Cush is Ethiopia. In the "Blessing of Jacob" and in the "Blessing of Moses" Zebulun and Issachar are so connected (Genesis 49:13 Deuteronomy 33:19); and in Deborah's Song, which is acknowledged to be a very early fragment of Hebrew literature, Dan and Asher are also spoken of as connected with the life and work of the sea (Judges 5:17). It seems as though today, Britain, as Tarshish, is now playing a subservient role behind the young lions of America in important geo . Thus, since there was such substantial trade with the continent known today as America, "the merchants of Tarshish, with all the young lions thereof" must include the "young lions" of the United States, along with those of Britain and kindred folk in northern Europe. It was mostly inhabited by Greeks (Josephus, BJ, III, ix, 1). From this cooperation in the building of the Temple there grew up a larger connection in the pursuit of sea-borne commerce. 2 Chronicles 20:37 Then Eliezer the son of Dodavahu of Mareshah prophesied against Jehoshaphat, saying, Because you have joined yourself with Ahaziah, Yahweh has destroyed your works. hast thou gathered thy company to take a prey? Bethsaida at the northern end of the Lake and Tarichea at the southern end were great centers of the trade. According to historians, Nineveh is an ancient city in present day Iraq. 2 Chronicles 9:21 For the king had ships that went to Tarshish with the servants of Huram; once every three years came the ships of Tarshish, bringing gold, and silver, ivory, and apes, and peacocks. The land of Meshech is closely associated with that of Tubal, especially in a prophecy of Ezekiel. Herodotus indicated that he had no evidence of the North Sea on the north of Europe. There is no other known such concentration of silver hoards in contemporary Mediterranean, and its date-range overlaps with the reigns of King Solomon (990931BC) and Hiram of Tyre (980947BC). The four sons of Javan, namely; Elishah, Tarshish, Kittim, and Rodanim. Tarshish occupied the uttermost parts of the west. This seemingly rules out Spain as Tarshish and the Latin American countries as the young lions. From these verses commentators consider that "Ships of Tarshish" was used to denote any large trading ships intended for long voyages whatever their destination,[3] and some Bible translations, including the NIV, go as far as to translate the phrase ship(s) of Tarshish as "trading ship(s). Jonah Lesson 2 - Part 2 Nineveh/Tarshish/Joppa Watch on Nineveh is located in the north of Iraq and is one of the country's 27 governorates. Marayong NSW 2148 It was the farthest limit of the western world as known to the Hebrews. commentators have thought Tarshishwas Tartessus which appears inGreek mythical writings. Spain colonized South America but Britain colonized the US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and many more places. 3. T. K. Cheyne (18411915) thought that "Tarshish" of Genesis 10:4[26] and "Tiras" of Genesis 10:2[27] are really two names of one nation derived from two different sources, and might indicate the Tyrsenians or Etruscans.[28]. General Editor. For the day of the LORD of hosts shall be upon every one that is proud and lofty, and upon every one that is lifted up; and he shall be brought lowAnd upon all the ships of Tarshish(Isaiah 2:12-16). Tarshish is currently the name of a village in the Mount Lebanon District of Lebanon. (3) The Hebrew name of a precious stone (Ezekiel 10:9 margin, English Versions of the Bible "beryl"; Exodus 28:20; 39:13; Ezekiel 1:16; 28:13; Song of Solomon 5:14; Daniel 10:6). From the book of Chronicles there would seem to have been a Tarshish accessible from the Red Sea, in addition to the Tarshish of the south of Spain. When Simon reared his monument over the sepulcher of his father and brothers at Modin, he set up seven pyramids with pillars, upon which were carved figures of ships to be "seen of all that sail on the sea" (1 Maccabees 13:29). one Instead, the lack of evidence for wealth in Israel and Phoenicia during the reigns of Solomon and Hiram, respectively, prompted a few scholars to opine that the archaeological period in Mediterranean prehistory between 1200 and 800BC was a 'Dark Age'.[2]. 2 Chroniques 9Louis Segond. Egyptian ships on the Red Sea about the time of the Exodus, from reliefs of the XIXth Dynasty, had one mast and two yards, and carried also one large square sail. Elle avait une suite fort nombreuse, et des chameaux portant des aromates, de l'or en grande quantit et des pierres prcieuses. He is placed on the Timeline of the Bible after the Flood, around 2300 BC. Classical sources starting with Homer (8thcenturyBC), and the Greek historians Herodotus (484425BC) and Diodorus Siculus (d.30BC) said the Phoenicians were exploiting the metals of the west for these purposes before they set up the permanent colonies in the metal-rich regions of the Mediterranean and Atlantic. Itineraria Phoenicia. It deals with the rivalry between the Tartessians and the evil Arkabala, the high priest of the Temple of Hercules in the Phoenician city of Gadir (Cdiz), for control of the tin route to las islas Casitrides (the British Isles.) Nicol. However, Solomon's Temple was destroyed by the Babylonians, making archaeological evidence difficult to uncover. Caesarea in New Testament times was a place of shipping and possessed a harbor which Josephus declared to be greater than the Piraeus, but it was Herodian and more Greek and Roman than Jewish. & Skaggs, S. (2013). Nevertheless, tin and amber do certainly come to us from the ends of the earth. The ships of Tarshish will suffer during the judgments of the Day of the Lord (Isaiah 2:16; Psalm 48:7). PO Box 4216 Cush describes present-day Ethiopia and the black nations of Central Africa. Ezekiel 27:25 The ships of Tarshish were your caravans for your merchandise: and you were replenished, and made very glorious in the heart of the seas. "Copper, tin, silver, and iron: The search for metallic ores as an incentive for foreign expansion". Experts have positioned it as far away as India in the east and the far coast of Spain in the west. The Psalmist takes it as a proof of the power of Yahweh that He breaks the ships of Tarshish with an east wind (Psalm 48:7). Is It Ok for Christians to Follow Zodiac Signs? 5 By these were the isles of the Gentiles divided in their lands; every . Tarshish may have settled nearby in today's Lebanon. In the olden days, it was one of the largest and most affluent cities. Sometime in the geological past, great fissures occurred in the granite. The metals were reportedly obtained in partnership with King Hiram of Phoenician Tyre (Isaiah23), and fleets of ships from Tarshish. It was at Ezion-geber near to Eloth on the Red Sea, in the land of Edom which David had conquered, that Solomon built his fleet, "a navy of ships" (1 Kings 9:26-28). There are three schools of thought where Tarshish is concerned. The word comes from the Greek kassiteros meaning tin. The Rio Tinto mine just north of Huelva was first worked by the Phoenicians and still produces copper. General ReferencesIII. The Spanish-speaking South American nations are also weak and still developing. Today each is just a shadow of their former selves. Ships in the New Testament.1. Tiras: . She is manned with oarsmen of Sidon and Arvad, pilots of the wise men of Tyre, calkers from Gebal to stop up the cracks and seams in her timbers, mariners and men of war from other lands who enhanced her beauty by hanging up the shield and helmet within her. The same partnership existed for the commerce of the West. The Bible definitely gives the indication that Tarshish was far away from Israel. If we can identify the source of these metals in the ancient world (6th century BC) then we can be certain about which country is Tarshish in the last days. "For the king (Solomon) had at sea a navy of Tarshish with the navy of Hiram: once every three years came the navy of Tarshish, bringing gold, and silver, ivory, and apes, and peacocks" (1 Kings 10:22).Tarshish is the name of the Phoenician colony on the river Tartessus, called also Baetis, the modern Guadalquivir. post 1875. There is a long narrow peninsula in southwest Britain called Cornwall. The word "launch," of putting a boat or a ship into the sea, has disappeared from the Revised Version (British and American), except in Luke 8:22, where it is more appropriate to an inland lake. Implied is that Tarshish may be in the same geographic region as Sheba and Dedan. In Ezekiel 38:10-13 God is speaking through the Prophet Ezekiel to Gog of Magog, a confederacy of nations from the north, who would invade a land of "unwalled villages" (Israel). General References:Of general references to shipping and seafaring life there are comparatively few in the Old Testament. And there is other evidence as well. The location of Tarshish is uncertain, since the biblical references to it are vague and apparently contradictory. We understand that Tarshish was west of Israel leading some historians to believe it was located in what is today south-west Spain, especially as the Phoenicians had important colonies in the south of the Iberian Peninsula, rich in minerals with Cadiz as a vital trading port. All rights reserved. The first century A.D. Jewish historian, Flavius Josephus, wrote that it was the same city as Tarsus, in modern day Turkey, which is the Apostle Pauls hometown. Although huperetes, was "an underrower" and huperesia, "the crew of a ship" as contrasted with kubernetes, "the sailing-master," the derived meaning of "servant" or "officer" has lost in the New Testament all trace of its origin (Matthew 5:25 Luke 1:2 and many passages; compare stellein, and sustellein, where the idea of "furling" or "shifting a sail" is entirely lost: 1 Corinthians 7:29 2 Corinthians 8:20).Figurative:In Hebrews the hope of the gospel is figured as "an anchor. sure and stedfast, and entering into that which is within the veil" (6:19, especially with Ebrard's note in Alford, at the place). Fourth-named of the seven "princes" of Persia in the time of Artaxerxes ( Es 1:14 ). Tarsus is an ancient city on the alluvial plain of ancient Cilicia, the birthplace of St. Paul (Acts of the Apostles 22:3). Among Neighboring Nations:(1) Egypt.The Egyptians, like other nations of antiquity, had a great horror of the open sea, although they were expert enough in managing their craft upon the Nile. It was a Phoenician colony, and was the most celebrated emporium in the west to which the Hebrews and Phoenicians traded. Of the oaks of Bashan have they made thine oars (Ezekiel 27:4-6). Today the population of the United States is made up basically of Celto-Saxon . 2 Chronicles 20:36 and he joined himself with him to make ships to go to Tarshish; and they made the ships in Ezion Geber. to carry away silver and gold, to take away cattle and goods, to take a great spoil? The sail had also to serve "for an ensign" (lenes, Ezekiel 27:7). It seems as though today, Britain, as Tarshish, is now playing a subservient role behind the young lions of America in important geo . In recent years the Spanish people have shown increased interest in their roots and a comic series made reference to Tertessus: Probably more appealing to readers is the recent and highly successful comic series Tartessos. Esther 1:14 mentions in passing a Persian prince named Tarshish among the seven princes of Persia. Later, the prophet Jonah "fled to Tarshish" to escape God's call to preach to the people of Nineveh (in modern Iraq). Thy borders are in the midst of the seas, thy builders have perfected thy beauty. Put and Libya are located in northern Africa. In Other BooksLITERATUREIn the Old Testament the following words are found:(1) The word most commonly used in Hebrew for "a ship" is 'oniyah (Proverbs 30:19 Jonah 1:3, 4), of which the plural 'oniyoth is found most frequently (Judges 5:17 1 Kings 22:48 f, and many other places).The collective term for "a navy of ships" is 'oni (1 Kings 9:26; 1 Kings 10:22, 'oni Tharshish, "a navy (of ships) of Tarshish"; but Isaiah 33:21, 'oni shayit, a "galley with oars"). document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Prove You\'re Human: * This seemingly rules out Spain as Tarshish and the Latin American countries as the young lions. Some have pointed out thatthere is a mining town in Spaincalled Tharsis but this is a recentdevelopment and obviously animported name by a British miningcompany. What does the phrase "the merchants of Tarshish" mean? "(b) As regards the crew, in the two-banked Phoenician ship the rowers of the first bank work their oars over the gunwale, and those of the second through portholes lower down, so that each may have free play for his oar. Kittim is referred to in the three greater Prophets (Isaiah 23:1, 12 Jeremiah 2:10 Ezekiel 27:6). Answer (1 of 9): Tarshish - great-grandson of Benjamin; a "king" from the House of Judah, son of Bilhan, son of Jediael, son of Benjamin, son of Israel/Jacob - displaced during the 597 BC Seige of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon. The names Tyre and Sidon were famous in the ancient Near East. Sealed silver in Iron Age Cisjordan and the 'invention' of coinage. What is Tarshish called today? The calkers were those who filled up seams or cracks in the timbers with tow and covered them over with tar or wax, after the manner of the instruction given to Noah regarding the Ark: "Thou. shalt pitch it within and without with pitch" (Genesis 6:14). 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